What is circular economy
seo 19/06/2026 0
The institutions have been working for some time to create a non-linear economy, which makes us more competitive, less dependent on raw materials and more environmentally friendly.
In less than 10 years ecology, from sensitivity or political instance, has become an economic reality and a production process that is expressed as: "Circular economy". We will see below what the history and definition of the circular economy are and how the paper sector is located.
History of the concept of circular economy
As already mentioned, the circular economy belongs to ecology, but the former is a concrete project that arises from the value system of the latter. Ecology itself has quite distant ancestors, who can find a first political interpretation in the early twentieth century, in the naturism of the German Wandervogels. Even earlier, in the second half of the 19th century, it was the German biologist who coined the term "ecology", giving it an exclusively scientific value. We have to wait for two world wars and as many after the war to arrive at an economic vision in 1966, with Kenneth Boulding's "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth".
A few years later, environmentalist Barry Commoner introduced the concept of "circle" referring to the economy. In the meantime, the European Commission welcomes and prepares economic and scientific reports on the subject. In 2002 William McDonough and Michael Braungart proposed an analogy between industrial and natural processes, characterized precisely by circularity.
The ground is ready and in 2009 the Ellen MacArthur Foundation was born, which is headed by the homonymous skipper Ellen MacArthur. The Foundation collects data, carries out studies, prepares proposals and precisely formulates the definition of "circular economy".
Definition of circular economy
According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Circular Economy is defined as "an economy designed to regenerate itself. In a circular economy, the flows of materials are of two types: biological ones, capable of being reintegrated into the biosphere, and technical ones, destined to be revalued without entering the biosphere ".
As rightly underlined by the research promoted by Comieco for the Forum for sustainable finance, the "Circular economy is not a model of waste management, but a rethinking of traditional industrial processes". That is to say that the correct management of waste is one of the "moments" that characterize circularity, but the economy thus conceived does not end in recycling.
If it is not circular, then it is linear
The adjective of this economy - precisely "circular" - also defines the alternative to which it "opposes", that is, the linear economy. This model, followed by all countries and today considered unsustainable, is based on 5 phases:
1. Extraction of raw materials;
2. Production;
3. Distribution;
4. Consumption;
5. Waste collected in dumps and / or incinerated.
This system is today considered largely unsustainable due to the scarcity of raw materials and the environmental impact.
Basic principles
The basic principles of the circular economy, as formulated by the "Ellen MacArthur Foundation" are:
1. Eco-design. Conceive the products (including packaging) with a view to their duration and their life cycle. Therefore prefer what is repairable, durable and recyclable.
2. Versatility. Give priority to products manufactured to be modular and recoverable in individual components.
3. Renewable energies. Reduce the use of energy from fossil sources.
4. Ecosystem approach. Be aware of the entire production system and take into account the relationship between the different components.
5. Recovery of materials. Promote recycling and reduce the use of virgin raw materials.
Advantages of the circular economy
The circular economy brings environmental, social and economic advantages. The production of greenhouse gases, thanks to recycling and, above all, to renewable energies, can drastically decrease. The quality of life of the citizen would benefit and an ethics built for this purpose would help to conceive the "We" beyond the individual.
From an economic point of view, the constraint of raw materials - of which Italy is in short supply - would be less. Finally, creating lasting and recyclable products increases the competitiveness of national economies.
The paper in the circular economy
As said, the circular economy is not only a matter of recovering materials, but it is the commitment to think about the entire production cycle so that they can:
1. Reduce waste;
2. Extend the life of the products;
3. Recycle and regenerate.
The cellulose industry has an advantage over alternative materials as it is of plant origin, biodegradable and recyclable. Italy, in particular, is a country that excels in paper recycling and is second only to Germany: "During 2018 - reports Comieco in the report for the Forum for sustainable finance - 4.9 million tons of cellulosic packaging released for consumption, with a recycling rate of 81% ".
However, there are critical issues for the circular economy in general and for paper in particular. Just think of one of the many consequences - in addition to those of growth - due to the pandemic from CoViD-19: the collapse of crude oil prices. Strong deflation could delay the use of renewable energy sources, such as reducing the cost of plastic production. Or, again, the persistent use of products that are difficult to recycle because they cannot be divided by the consumer into the individual elements, place irrecoverable goods on the market (and in dumps). For example, the use of polylaminates represents a problem in food packaging.
For this reason - as Comieco once again points out - the packaging of the future must be:
● Single material;
● Increase the barrier effect;
● Allowing you to monitor the life cycle of the packaging (through, for example, printing the label);
● Sustainable.
The pulp industry is already ready for tomorrow's challenge.
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